Serena K. Short, LMHC, MA

During an EMDR therapy session, patients are encouraged to access upsetting memories and to reprocess them. Reprocessing is achieved by repeated and rapid bilateral (side to side) eye movements, tapping one's chest and face, and auditory and visual stimulation. These techniques can desensitize patients to their traumatic memory. By reframing how a patient interprets a memory, EMDR is believed to weaken the fight-or-flight response and to rebalance the nervous system. For patients with PTSD, EMDR can treat recurring flashbacks and triggers by reducing the hyperarousal response and promoting emotional regulation.

EMDR patients are first asked to identify a specific memory to reprocess, called the ?target event.? Patients can discuss their feelings, sensations, and beliefs about the event, and may share a picture or use descriptive imagery. Therapists usually employ a set of measurements called the Subjective Units of Disturbance (SUD) scale to assess the patient's distress. Later on, therapists and patients may compare the patient's initial SUD score to their score following an EMDR session. Unlike other forms of therapy, EMDR patients are not prompted to analyze and reflect on details of their traumatic memory at length.

With a target event having been selected, therapists may begin the desensitization process. They instruct patients to perform eye movements, body taps, or sounds while capturing the target event in their mind. These techniques are called dual attention bilateral stimulation (BLS) and can help a patient feel calm and aware, while simultaneously invoking the brain's processing system. Patients may continue these techniques until their SUD distress level has decreased. Patients are then asked to derive a positive thought or affirmation about the target event, and to repeat or strengthen it until it feels sincere. A final ''body scan'' is where patients focus on both the target event and positive cognition to evaluate their physical response and identify any remaining distress. If the traumatic incident is not fully processed in one session, patients are asked to contain the memory and to avoid returning to it until their next EMDR session.

EMDR may greatly improve quality of life in people who suffer from latent trauma and adverse life experiences. EMDR may also be effective for those whose prior experience with talk therapy was unsuccessful.

Mental health issues are typically diagnosed by a provider like a psychiatrist or a psychologist. These issues are diagnosed through psychological evaluation and talk therapy.

Mental health therapy can be an effective tool in supporting people who are struggling with unwanted feelings, behaviors, or difficult circumstances in their lives. Many forms of therapy are available, including specialized therapies tailored to particular disorders. For many issues, therapists help patients manage their conditions through talk therapy. Other treatments can include medication or stays at a psychiatric facility. Mental health therapy can help people with mental health issues improve their mental and emotional wellbeing.

Young adults ages 18 to 30 are most commonly diagnosed with SAD. For unknown reasons, more women have SAD than men. Those who have a preexisting mood disorder, mental illness, or live in a region with cloudy and dark weather are also more likely to have SAD. People with SAD may experience:

• Feelings of hopelessness
• Fatigue
• Daytime exhaustion
• Loss of interest in activities
• Weight gain
• Social withdrawal
• Oversleeping
• Headaches
• Increased desire for carbohydrates
• Difficulty focusing

The causes of seasonal depression are uncertain. It is suggested that the reduced daylight and sunshine of winter and fall can alter the chemistry of the brain. Sunlight may assist in the production of serotonin, a hormone that regulates mood and happiness. Less exposure to sunlight may result in decreased serotonin, leading to SAD. Other potential causes include disrupted circadian rhythms, vitamin D deficiency, and increased melatonin (sleep hormone).

A variety of treatments are used to alleviate SAD. Patients usually benefit from more than one treatment. Light therapy is a special lamp that lets off intense light. The therapy is performed at home with patients keeping the lamp a few feet away from them as they complete their regular activities. Two types of light therapy include the light box (consistently bright lamp) and the dawn simulator (lamp that gradually becomes brighter and brighter). Light therapy may be partnered with other treatments for SAD, such as:

• Antidepressant medication
• Increased sunlight exposure
• Vitamin D supplements
• Psychotherapy

SAD is more than feeling disappointed by shorter winter nights or rainy days; it is months of depression that can drastically influence mood and behavior. Fortunately, people with SAD typically respond quickly to consistent light therapy and other treatments. Self-care and relaxation are also vital to the SAD recovery process. For those with SAD, treatment can be the first step to making four or five months of the year enjoyable once again.