Dr. Pamela Sobo, Psy D

Anorexia nervosa, frequently referred to as anorexia, is a disorder where people severely restrict the types and quantity of food they eat. Those with anorexia have an extreme fear of eating and gaining weight and may repeatedly weigh themselves or engage in harmful behaviors such as excessive exercise or starvation. Those with anorexia often find themselves preoccupied with food, but unable to consume a healthy amount of it. This results in symptoms such as abnormally low BMI, vitamin deficiency, fatigue, fainting, and amenorrhea (lack of menstruation in women). Anorexia may cause bluish discoloration of the hands, brittle and falling out hair, yellowish skin, and lanugo (fine, downy hair). Left untreated, anorexia can lead to organ failure, brain damage, and even death.

Bulimia nervosa, typically called bulimia, is a disorder where people binge (eat large quantities of food) and purge the food that they just consumed by vomiting, laxative abuse, fasting, or excessive exercise. This behavior is usually motivated by a feeling of powerlessness over eating and a fear of weight gain or desire for weight loss. Bulimia can occur in underweight, normal weight, and overweight people. Symptoms of bulimia include acid reflux, intestinal distress, dehydration from purging, amenorrhea, and dental erosion from vomiting. Some people with bulimia have swollen parotid glands (salivary glands near the cheeks) and red scars and marks on the backs of their knuckles. Electrolyte imbalance from bulimia can be particularly severe and may lead to heart attack or stroke.

Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder. People with BED feel that they are unable to control the amount of food they eat and may continue to binge after reaching a point of fullness. BED binges (consuming large amounts of food) are often accompanied by feelings of sadness, guilt, and shame. Symptoms of BED include obesity, acid reflux, weight gain, and dissatisfaction with one's body. People with BED tend to experience cycles of negative emotions and binges. Binges or BED episodes can be provoked by stress, boredom, restrictive dieting, depression, and other triggers.

Other common eating disorders include:

• Pica, eating things that are not food, such as paper, ice, or soil
• Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), disinterest in eating and avoidance of food
• Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder (OSFED), abnormal eating that does not fall under any disorder

Many people with eating disorders do not consciously develop them, and have difficulty seeking treatment. For this reason, it's important to detect and treat eating disorders as early as possible. Treatment for eating disorders can vary from therapy visits to inpatient treatment, depending on the disorder and its severity. Treatment aims to not only restore physical health and correct negative behaviors, but to also promote psychological well-being and self-confidence.

Therapy can treat patients who self-harm. Therapists ask people to explore current and past experiences and emotions that may contribute to the desire to self-harm. Cognitive behavioral therapy, a specialized form of therapy, can also reduce self-harm by encouraging patients to identify negative patterns of thought and to develop coping strategies that do not involve self-inflicted injury. Those suffering from more severe self-harm may require in-patient hospitalization to recover mentally and physically.

These problems and others can make a workplace seem toxic. For example, a worker may be propositioned with "quid pro quo" harassment, when a superior seeks sexual favors in exchange for a job benefit. Beyond being highly inappropriate, this sexual harassment can cause the targeted employee to suffer from damaged self-esteem, emotional distress, and other mental health problems. Different workplace issues, like low salary or dangerous work conditions, can threaten a worker's financial and even physical health.

One of the most common forms of workplace issues is bullying or abuse from coworkers. It can occur in a number of situations, from high performers facing threats from jealous coworkers, to a worker receiving unreasonable requests from a supervisor. Workers may be too fearful to confront work abusers and complaints to HR departments and supervisors can be unfruitful or even detrimental, leading to incidents going unreported.

Mental health therapy can mitigate the negative emotions and behaviors arising from workplace issues. Therapists may listen to people's workplace issues and provide advice for how to navigate a number of work-related problems. Online counseling can be particularly helpful in the modern workplace. Direct access to a therapist throughout the day can help alleviate recurring pressure and anxiety arising from one's job. In some cases, therapists may encourage some to seek other job prospects and opportunities.