Dr. Rami Jirjis, MD

Although biopsy is most often associated with cancer, it can also be used to check for other diseases, such as infections. A biopsy sample can be scraped, cut, collected with a needle, taken with a machine that punches out a tiny piece, or removed with the tiny tools in an endoscope.

In most cases, a biopsy is a simple outpatient procedure. Depending on the procedure, patients may need to stop taking certain medications beforehand, such as blood thinners. It is important for patients to tell doctors if they are pregnant, as certain biopsies require the use of x-rays to guide the needle to the right location. There is usually very little pain associated with a biopsy. Patients will have to wait a few days to hear the results.

Lithotripsy is a procedure used to break up small stones. Shock wave lithotripsy, the most common type of lithotripsy and least invasive way of treating stones, does this using high-powered sound waves. This procedure can treat many types of stones in the body, but it is most frequently used for urinary stones, such as kidney and bladder stones.

Shock wave lithotripsy can be done in one of two ways. Conventionally, this procedure is performed when someone is sitting in a tub of water, and the sound waves travel through the water to their body. A more recent alternative is to send the shock waves through cushions while a patient is lying on a table. Although shock wave lithotripsy is not surgery and requires no cutting, the patient will be given anesthesia before the procedure. Their body should be able to pass the broken-up urinary stones naturally in their urine after treatment. For other types of stones, another minimally invasive procedure may be required to remove stone fragments left by shock wave lithotripsy.

Urinary tract infections are extremely common: 12% of all men and 40-50% of all women will have a urinary tract infection during their lifetime. They are more common in women because women have shorter urethras, so bacteria have a shorter distance to travel from the outside of the body to the bladder and cause an infection. Some people also have urethras that are an unusual shape or have an obstruction in the urethra that makes getting a UTI more likely. Also, certain chronic illnesses like diabetes weaken the immune system, so any bacteria in the body are more likely to cause an infection.

A urinary tract infection can be diagnosed very quickly by a doctor. A sample of urine can be examined under a microscope for the presence of bacteria or white blood cells. There are also diagnostic strips that can be used to test a urine sample without the need for a microscope. Once a diagnosis is made, treatment is a course of oral antibiotics, and most patients feel better within just a few days. There are some things that patients can do themselves to help reduce the risk of getting a urinary tract infection in the future. Stay well hydrated, wipe from front to back after going to the bathroom, wear breathable cotton undergarments, and don't hold it in when patients feel the urge to go.